Thalassemia, vitamin D3 deficiency, and serum ferritin as a prognostic marker: a review

Abstract

Summary. Thalassemia, vitamin D deficiency, and elevated serum ferritin levels are interconnected medical concerns with significant implications for public health, clinical practice, and disease prognosis. Thalassemia encompasses a group of inherited hemoglobinopathies characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis, chronic anemia, and systemic complications due to iron overload from transfusions. Vitamin D deficiency, recognized as a global epidemic, is implicated in a range of skeletal and non-skeletal conditions, including immune dysfunction and increased susceptibility to infections. Serum ferritin, traditionally used to assess iron stores, has gained renewed attention as a valuable prognostic biomarker in critical illnesses and cardiovascular disease due to its role as an acute-phase reactant. This review consolidates current evidence on the molecular basis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic strategies, and therapeutic approaches related to thalassemia and vitamin D deficiency, while also exploring the evolving role of serum ferritin beyond iron metabolism. Emphasis is placed on the interplay between iron homeostasis, inflammation, and disease outcomes. Understanding these interactions is vital for optimizing patient risk stratification, guiding therapeutic decisions, and informing prevention strategies.

For citation: Ibrahim E.Sh., Bdaiwi L.F., Mohammed S.J., Bdaiwi Yu.F. Thalassemia, vitamin D3 deficiency, and serum ferritin as a prognostic marker:

a review. Tromboz, gemostaz i reologiya. 2026;(1):38–44.

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